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Source: this offer for old kong xiangxi family, his family’s future generations.
note: northern song dynasty, the national subjugation Song Qin 2 cases was captured by the xu jin guo, bei song by gold emperor taizong “faint, male,” qin zong was dubbed “the faint hou”. A few years later, 2 cases of respectively by seal for the “king of tianshui county”, “male” tianshui county, level and rose is one, is the second.
the English British museum collection of “jin ding kiln carved” tianshui county “, “zhao” chrysanthemum disc plate “, originally old qing, the “z” inscription suspected likely associated with the royal family of song dynasty, “tianshui county” three characters with the items on the same font. According to the known data shows, complete with “tianshui county” three-word kiln, hidden a only the British museum, this lots is present only in the market circulation of orphan works.
zhao Song Tianshui
I plate kiln, and burn in the tang dynasty, the height and gold in northern song dynasty, yuan finally, was known to produce white porcelain, and used in baoding city, hebei province QuYang jian zi and yan village, village song, I therefore.
the five dynasties late tang dynasty period, I keep a relatively stable political situation, and lingshan for fine porcelain making kaolin soil, also near full of feldspar, quartz, dolomite, glaze raw materials, the most important magnetic village in the north region jian jian magnetic hill ancient more bleak look-out, therefore, has a superior kiln porcelain making natural geographical conditions to develop rapidly. Kiln in mid and late in the five dynasties, kiln porcelain appeared a fundamental leap. No longer burning porcelain make-up soil, tyres, glaze shows the characteristics of pure, white thin. Northern song dynasty is the height of the kiln site development, there are a lot of porcelain making technology to create and progress. In mid and late northern song dynasty, kiln due to the fine porcelain, quietly elegant of colour and lustre, decorative and elegant, by song dynasty government elected to the royal porcelain, leading to a huge increase in its price, the products are all the rage.
in the early northern song dynasty in the 10th century, in the second half of kiln porcelain face some decoration scratching stripes, but mostly straight knife fine carved linear pattern; The outer wall is often carved multilayer lotus-shaped lines, for each petal lotus petals are bas-relief performance for ridge in the muscle; Is burning, foot end without glaze, mouth full of glaze, but also often shave their mouth before the kiln circle glaze, or after the burning mouth cut a circle edge, suspected tongkou serging required.
11 century, northern song dynasty kiln porcelain making technology a major turning point. The original straight knife fine carved linear scratching to slant lines delimit 箆 scratching long; Embossed convex lotus-shaped grain decrease. Adopt the molding printing grain, kiln style in this period.
the golden period, ceramic industry thriving QuYang region, the quality and quantity are kiln came to the peak. The number of kiln porcelain unearthed jin throughout northern very abundant. “The history of jin” load: “really set made in China.”
in the late northern song dynasty to the jin, kiln decorative arts into the highly developed the heyday of decorative materials widely during this period, the composition in neat formation, for the thin body of kiln white porcelain, with burning method, early carved carving is not applicable. At this point, the kiln presented design rich, the characteristics of grain score in combination, combination of engraving. The main adornment method is scratching, printed and engraved designs three kinds of technology.
this time stamps forming technology combined with printing process, dish class type printing white porcelain became the most far-flung items. Printing design most rigorous composition, with dense, less hand-cut more abundant, including: flowers, sex, longfeng, PanChi, lion, deer, yuanyang, cranes, swim, baby duck play, antique, etc. The printing of the delicate white porcelain became the most iconic products can represent kiln art style.
printing, is a mold, the use of stamps to grain on body. Kiln used engraving technique mainly has two kinds, one kind is the use of needle tools, cross engraved on the mould of light fine decorative pattern, reproduced on the China become slightly protuberant raised pattern; Another engraving technique is on the bottom die with kedao has carved design deep digging and copied to the formation of strong stereo feeling on porcelain decorative pattern.
printing simple operation, high production efficiency, product specification. Adornment more treasure. Kiln printing printing mostly in the interior of the dishes, the characteristics of grain is distinct, the outer or middle, common meander separates pattern. Printing design most of the composition is complicated, the picture gorgeous, printed material with a floral pattern is the most common, mainly has the lotus, chrysanthemum, day lilies, peony, plum, etc., use bound branch, folding branches more flowers line layout method, such as being symmetric. Grain kiln and a large number of animals, mainly cattle, lion, deer, yuanyang, kirin, longfeng, PanChi, etc. Birds in grain mainly has the phoenix, peacock, crane, mandarin duck, goose, cranes, duck, etc.
kiln porcelain inscriptions, the quantity and variety is more, its only two nanowires. One is in front of the pack slab kiln of print, few in number, are in the early northern song dynasty government decided to burn and palace customized products. Such as “officer”, “still pharmacy”, “Joe,” and “zi wen”, etc. After another is porcelain to the court, according to the need after the moment, most of the inscriptions belong to this category, they are special objects of the southern song dynasty palace. Such as “serve China”, “longevity”, “shou temple”, “queen mother temple”, “garden” and so on. And called it a “court”.
after court YuGong engraved inscription, is GongTingYu artisan nanowires with tuo class tools, the seal by the inscription, fonts neat, stroke due to natural, give priority to with straight, lack of natural turn and pen. Engraved strokes in the middle of coarse, two head. This and TuoZi rotates the placement and the related points. To visible and most after the inscriptions of print and fill in the kind of cinnabar red paint.
kiln porcelain “court” inscriptions related content and palace while more, but the sorting, classified roughly two types available to distinguish. One is to use the unit in a porcelain, inscription engraved with the name of the court building and more services for the palace some overseers of institution’s name. Another criterion with the owner of the porcelain used to represent, empresses, eunuchs, royalty, consorts, etc., and in their own positions, titles, names appeared in the inscriptions, they are the main members of court life.
in the kiln porcelain inscriptions engraved with the name of the palace are: “temple”, “longevity” and “in China,” queen “temple”, “shou temple”, “kun”, “ShouCi temple”, “east” and “chengguang”, “Zhong Xiu”, etc. In 2008 sotheby’s sold “jade jin garden” which includes paper mallet bottle. (figure 1)
another kind of kiln “court” is due to the imperial clan, empresses consorts, etc., with its special status and privileges enjoyed by the close relationship with the court, the court carved by the custom or reward. Kiln porcelain inscriptions and their related with “rong-guo”, “Gao Pingjun”, “tianshui county”, “zhe” and “zi wen”, etc.
(sixty-five: song dynasty history “of tianshui, the name is also.” The zhao in the world, all out of tianshui. Tianshui zhao for ancestor worship. Chen yinque in du Jiang Bingna (i.e., professor of fudan university Jiang Tianshu) sequence of thought: “(ouyang xiu) disgraced snobbery, exalt integrity, hence a rectification of the five dynasties JiaoLi, return of flavour. So the culture of tianshui once, but as I treasure of the legacy “. Mr Chen yinque mentioned in another: “the culture of Chinese nation, through thousands of years of evolution, and extremely in song dynasty. Other discourse also see “the culture of Chinese nation, through thousands of years of evolution, to build a” tian-shui yu once this point of view. “The history of jin”, contained gold HuangTong first year (1141) in February, emperor xizong of jin to improve relations with the southern song dynasty, will be alternated two faint, male, the canonization of tianshui county king, to swallow, intact qin is heavy with the doctrine of the faint, now dubbed tianshui county public, for two items. Inscription “tianshui county” of the southern song dynasty palace of print time should be HuangTong after the first year, and for GongQi as rulers of sacrificial alternated or supply used by qin zong.
in addition to the known “tianshui county” inscriptions, remains “Gao Pingjun bottom pieces” in hangzhou, printing, exquisitely patterned. “Gao Pingjun from semantic analysis for titles,” book “the shadow of song dynasty filling system research”, recorded a Gao Pingjun lady. “A Webster’s lady always fine county, need (Confucian), seal Gao Pingjun lady, Mrs Ann people seal and county, time, Mrs Xianning county, special seal sense of righteousness county lady, women are special seal enping county lady, lady, always fine county seal f the lady… “Inscriptions” Gao Pingjun “palace of print time should be in shaoxing after fourteen years.
Song Ting migrating south east linan (hangzhou), north-south split between the special historical background, social economic productivity and the restriction of supply and demand factors such as porcelain, porcelain after firing on the seal inscriptions, to reflect the court life as the main content of the kiln porcelain inscriptions, is a very unique phenomenon of the southern song dynasty period. The abundance of its number, content, in the song dynasty porcelain is extremely rare, in China also is unprecedented in the history of ancient ceramics. The main content and the owner of the palace with porcelain and porcelain, involving palace architecture, harem concubines, imperial officials, the eunuch institutions, and other aspects, has more than 140 different kiln known inscriptions and mostly after the court. Engraved inscriptions after the formation of the main reason is the way of losing custom directly, mainly from the trade channels to obtain and implement the results of the distribution system, etc. Mr Wang Qingzheng early pointed out: “if we can make such a judgment, the northern song period, the court orders the kilns fire GongQi, used on kiln is in the name of the palace. After crossing the south, the southern song dynasty imperial court, of course, it is impossible to get the northern kilns tribute, can only be acquired through trade the court with, its inscription name can only add moment after implements to the south.”
London, zhao inscription in the British museum has a bottom with tianshui county chrysanthemum petals of a printing plate are KeKuan after the southern song dynasty palace, inscriptions and this items, should be the same imperial palace craftsmen carved. (figure 2, figure 3)
this offer for old kong xiangxi family, crane plate seals for turtle diagram, the late song dynasty, Taoism faith by royal, Taoism apart as a symbol of longevity, crane male and female, rules on foot, feeling Benedict and not her, has the very high virtue. Crane and the turtle picture together, its auspicious significance is tortoise JiLing crane, crane lives, the grain on the passion of the southern song dynasty palace on the gold captured two emperor. Are found similar grain in I and QuYang site, suspected the same mould of specimens, (figure 4) one step closer to Mr Confirms Wang Qingzheng inferences. |
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